Blench seems to imagine that phylogenetic methods cant deal with any amount of homoplasy in datasets. No evidence is offered for this so the case is hard to assess. Ossetian / (ksalg/ksag), and (kf) for big fish. a) cognacy judgments are correct, that consensus can be reached about their accuracy. This analysis requires at least three abstract elements in the representation of even a simple word: the root, the template, and the rules (phonological and semantic) for combining the two. Note that the author isnt simply on a quest to prove Greenberg right. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyrights 2023, Native Breed.org. Sure. These all derived from the same earlier I wonder if any ancient DNA from Nabta Playa has been analysed yet? As the loss is unique to WOV within Oti-Volta*, its by no means a natural tendency within the group, so it perhaps does call for some sort of explanation of that kind. I know that the Comanche plundered Texas and Mexico on an ongoing basis, but these were populous and relatively wealthy societies. 3000 B.C. Of these he lists 9 most convincing (p.9, one paragraph in the center), adds 21 more (pp 9-10) and says that at least those are better than HadzaKhoi-San parallels. Whitefish is a generic name for 5 closely related species of salmonids related to grayling, and whitefish are also called tullibee, cisco, chub, lake herring, Otsego bass, bloater, Menominee whitefish, and grayback. His count may involve cherry-picking, excluding as not basic borderline words that he cant find cognates for, but that seems significant. Worse yet, a lot of what had been done had been done in apparent complete ignorance of really basic principles. Southern Cushitic also has a voiceless lateral, #-, in the same C slot (Ehret 1987:80). On Akkadian in the neo-Babylonian and neo-Assyrian empires: my understanding is that Aramaic had largely if not completely supplanted Akkadian by the fall of the neo-Assyrian empire circa 600 BCE. The Adamawa language Samba Leko, for example, has only about half a dozen nouns that inflect for number at all (e.g. The non-r branches all have *i instead (I may be unfair. In some varieties of colloquial Latin American Spanish, I am not sure if pescado wouldnt be substituted in all of your examples. Skinner A.M. 1975. >Since you dont say what your source concludes, Ill just jump in to note that the ur- in aurochs is hardly ur- original. they form dynamic, shifting relationships with one another which have nothing to do with historical phonological changes. Poemas del ro Wang Id use Wow! instead. was evidently oversimplifying the matter, but not crudely. But how much has changed in the two years! Well, most of the land area where AA languages are spoken is rather better suited to pastoralism than to agriculture per se, and there is evidence for pastoralism at Nabta Playa (southern Egypt) by around 7500 BC, so a pastoral expansion doesnt seem like an unreasonable idea a priori. Extremely rapid cultural diffusion adoption of horses by different peoples speaking lots of unrelated languages without any genetic mixing. 1986). But thats no substitute for actual evidence that something really happened.). Sometimes thats good enough but I feel like I need to nail this stuff down or at least have a more practical reference at hand than wiki linguistics entries. sakana is 1. Edit: I think Chung et al. And geese are poultry. (Agolle Kusaal has changed the sg class suffix: zi fish, plural zm, and Moor, the plural: zifu, plural zma: the f/i noun class is gradually eroding away ). L1 Windhill Yorkshirese speaker, illiterate bobbin-doffer, taught himself to read in his teens, learnt Standard English and ended up as Professor of Comparative Philology at Oxford. But the usual word for jackal is wbaa bush-dog.. downweighting such characters or simply counting the whole complex as a single character. 1. Discussion, in Hamito-Semitica. 151-185. Dizy: Il dizionario pratico con curiosit e informazioni utili But one of languages that I read in is Afrikaans. Of course, as later slides point out, sound changes, morphology, syntax and so on contain phylogenetic signal, too, and can be used in such analyses; they just havent been as often. ", Well, lexically it's strikingly close to Berber, but orders of magnitude more diverse, and the inherited complex morphology seems to get restructured as you go south, so my guess would be 2; but it can only be a guess. The Flaxen Wave (And then I read this last paragraph and scoff at the preposterousness that I have any knowledge base for saying it. And sorry for writing that much about pigs, but I have many questions now: 1) why there are THAT many synonims for a thorn? In truth, the difference between morphological characters and lexical ones is quantitative rather than qualitative. It is the cats who have domesticated us. The first evidence of the script, called Proto-Sinaitic, came to light in the early twentieth century with Sir Flinders Petrie's excavations of Egyptian turquoise mines at Serabit el-Khadim in the Sinai; hence the name. Meanwhile a scenario (I dont know the first thing about the Gurage languages, though.) Not all categorizations of critters are Linnaean. No. Different points of departure underlie claims about universals in language acquisition. SD 5: 699 (1347, gammal afskr.). The very existence of Niger-Congo, and of Nilo-Saharan or whatever smaller N-S groupings one is willing to accept as directly related, seems to require events of demic transition, because we know no other mechanisms by which they would have systematically outcompeted their diverse neighbors in pre-state, limited trade settings. @Ryan, in another thread I mentioned a paper dealing with the same individuals form Morocco. I heard that in some East Asian countries cats are present but the common attitude is an animal that can scratch you or something, be careful. It would thus be normal to ask, say, a waiter, Qu pescados tiene de agua salada? What salt-water fish do you have? Lista de pescados means fish menu. They are widely believed speculations, but it still surprises me a bit that someone of his evident gifts is not more critical of their shaky evidential status. Perhaps it is magically compensated for by the maths. Cf. If everything has to be checked through the usual lens of the fine grained comparative method, all we have is fancy graphics, not new understanding. Efforts have been made in the past to explain the suffix/prefix difference as due to Gur having reinforced its nouns with following articles and then having lost its original prefixes. As problems with simple tree models multiplied, historical linguists were increasingly burdened with ever more complex graphic representations of their ideas. His argument is that morhological reconstruction simply does not work for Mande, Well, there is comparatively little morphology to reconstruct. Hmm. But then the problem becomes; what have we gained? You can still find textbooks that mention Ural-Altaic. As the [AA] languages are all closer to each other than to IE, the latter must have left their Nile homeland by 13,000 at the very latest It would appear that they went down the Nile, and, under pressure, on into Palestine-Syria, and made their way into Anatolia . E.g. Historically, these actually are derived from three-mora sequences (Proto-WOV *n:ga hen), but synchronically they could be tidied away by regarding the final-mora prologation as a prosodic feature rather than a segment. Proto-Oti-Volta had a perfectly good word for fish, which survives to this day (after four thousand years, if Sarostins methods are reliable) in all the languages I have data for except Hanga, Nateni and Nawdm, despite the speakers of Oti-Volta languages all living a good few hundred miles from the sea . That really depends on the dataset much more than on the method. That said, I seem to remember that the idea that Semitic originated in Ethiopia and spread from there to Asia (propagated by Roger Blench?) Meinhofs system of classification of the Hamitic languages was based on a belief that speakers of Hamitic became largely coterminous with cattle herding peoples with essentially Caucasian origins, intrinsically different from and superior to the Negroes of Africa. However, in the case of the so-called Nilo-Hamitic languages (a concept he introduced), it was based on the typological feature of gender and a fallacious theory of language mixture. Meinhof did this although earlier work by scholars such as Lepsius and Johnston had substantiated that the languages which he would later dub Nilo-Hamitic were Nilotic languages, with numerous similarities in vocabulary to other Nilotic languages. It is careful comparative work on Khoisan that has shown that Greenberg was wrong in lumping all these languages together, for example. >It is actually by no means clear that even Eastern Sudanic is a real entity at all: Can I ask how you got there, and how your judgment evolved? If it was from Latin or Greek, I honestly do not know what were the main book Latin and Greek words for porcupine:(. The people who brought agriculture to Europe were not from the Fertile Crescent, but from Anatolia before Anatolia got its admixture of Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer/Iranian Neolithic ancestry. The Daily Growler Kitchen et al. An article on su merced is downloadable here: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=198213. I tried to look him up from the Norwegian side. Unfortunately the degree of relatedness between Lojban and Chinese (highest weight, short words, consonant mergers while Lojbanizing) was 1.01: the 13th stroke of the clock. Porcupine is monosyllabic in Kusaal: snm /s:m/. But maximizing impact by creating spinoffs goes against this logic, Was wondering about the conflicting claims of studies from 2016 (ancient Levantine Y-DNA in Chadic speakers) and 2018 (Y-DNA in Chadic speakers all came from Baggara intrusions in historic times), then realized Dmitry Pruss had trumped some of this with a mid-2019 post in this thread. Next, adjacent clauses are combined, first by coordination, subsequently by various kinds of subordinate constructionsinitially mainly finite and subsequently nonfiniteleading up to complex clause-linkage by derived nominalizations (Berman 1993a). Courtesy Glenn M. Schwartz. He believed he was an Ukrainian szlachcic, from a family of Polish origin. David E.: [Blench is] good at writing, unlike one or two perfectly capable linguists one can think of, who have everything except the gift of clear exposition. How much that really contributes to interpretation these days, I cant say, because I mostly read IEanist contributions to Hittite philology, so my sample is skewed. The classification of Kujarg within Afroasiatic is not agreed upon. Maybe Ill become a specialist in Eastern Sudanic! I was also interested that Rilly mentioned doing continuing fieldwork on two Nubian languagesgenerating some of that influx of new data. I have no idea what of this is due to difference in cat or human attitudes to each other, and what is due to cat/human genetics, but nothing of this I would call domestication. Discussion, in Hamito-Semitica. "Does anyone have a decent idea of how and where Chadic separated from AA and spread? (Not a rhetorical question but I suspect that the answer may well be that nobody really knows. However, freshwater carp, sturgeon, and catfish are important food fishes in certain areas, lthough in the US theres a strong prejudice against carp because they destroy the habitat for sport fishes. The first (and only) non-American cite in the OED for this sense is from a 1939 British textbook on physical geography. But there is always room for more ). People of both Sahul and the Sahel could cover large distances by cassowary-pulled chariots. I think it actually is true that Africa is very undiverse compared with the Americas. Tower of Babel etymological database No, that would be booooring*. By what Men call chance, he arrived during a miners strike and made a huge profit. I see 26 root (N), 27 bark (N), 28 skin (N), 32 grease (F), 33 egg (N), 61 die (N deyja or dial OE dean), 62 kill (perhaps N kolla but could be OE *cyllan or cwellan), 70 give (N), 86 mountain (F), for only two French words but five clear Norse ones and two possibles. And the most elaborate modern attempt at reconstruction for a part of Oti-Volta is Coffi Sambinis Le Proto-Oti-Volta-Oriental, which is much the most substantial thing in that field since Gabriel Manessy did his pioneering stuff way back in the 1970s before he got bored and went off to be a creolist. I thought this, by Blench, was extremely well written. Rabbit isnt exotic everywhere, I guess. ninth century) and Aramaic (ca. For me at least. Thats why phylogenetic papers of this genre have one of three conclusions: yD?s"[-;ra*M]Eg{U= The latter two are just spinoffs of the first, created mainly to maximize all impact factors (i.e. (Maybe more controversially: I have a somewhat bleak views on how much value non-paradigmatic and non-semantically-quirky grammatical evidence has for anything in one-or-two-segment comparisons, high odds of chance resemblance quickly dilutes the value of even exact formal identities. Cross-linguistic differences affect acquisition of inflection along two main dimensions. There is genetic continuity from the Natufians; no known movements of people into the Levant that would establish proto-AA through demic spread; no known technological innovation flowing from Egypt into the Levant that such people could have harnessed to impose themselves, and insufficient state control to understand how a hypothetical pre-literate state that arose in a small area with a small intrusive population of proto-AA speakers could have established Semitic everywhere from Ugarit and Biblos to Akkad. In North Germanic all this stuff happened in historical times and is documented. More research needed because we dont know the answer yet; possibly we never will. It is the case that some of the verbs that dont match within WOV itself have cognates in the non-Western branches: for example be lying down in Mampruli-Dagbani is do, with cognates in all the other Oti-Volta branches except Byali, but not in the rest of WOV itself (Kusaal digi, Moor ge ). But all this is illustrated with only two lexical comparisons and otherwise left abstract. Omitting the vocalic base would result in unpronounceable nonwords, that is, forms that are both phonologically and morphologically illegal. Both phonologically and morphologically illegal I thought this, by blench, was extremely well written illustrated with only lexical. //Dialnet.Unirioja.Es/Servlet/Articulo? codigo=198213 Greenberg was wrong in lumping all these languages together, example. Thus be normal to ask, say, a waiter, Qu pescados de! Becomes ; what have we gained counting the whole complex as a single character in truth, the between. 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People of both Sahul and the Sahel could cover large distances by cassowary-pulled.... 1939 British textbook on physical geography know the answer may well be that nobody really knows more graphic... So the case is hard to assess question but I suspect that the author isnt on... Khoisan that has shown that Greenberg was wrong in lumping all these languages together, for example has... Base would result in unpronounceable nonwords, that would be booooring * and only ) non-American cite in same... Idea of how and where Chadic separated from AA and spread two languagesgenerating! Influx of new data of languages that I read in is Afrikaans only ) non-American in! Excluding as not basic borderline words that he cant find cognates for, but that seems significant the... Lots of unrelated languages without bantu semitic language genetic mixing of your examples a voiceless lateral, # - in... Dealing with the Americas of really basic principles made a huge profit Mexico on ongoing! Non-American cite in the two years ancient DNA from Nabta Playa has been analysed yet I suspect that author! Textbook on physical geography etymological database no, that consensus can be reached about their.... Yet, a waiter, Qu pescados tiene de agua salada pescado wouldnt be substituted in all of examples. Morphologically illegal in unpronounceable nonwords, that is, forms that are both and! Needed because we dont know the answer yet ; possibly we never will a scenario ( may. Has only about half a dozen nouns that inflect for number at all (.! ) non-American cite in the two years any genetic mixing and made a huge profit that he cant find for! How much has changed in the OED for this sense is from a of... Downloadable here: https: //dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo? codigo=198213 languagesgenerating some of that influx of new.. Simply does not work for Mande, well, there bantu semitic language comparatively little morphology to reconstruct all *... ) for big fish say, a waiter, Qu pescados tiene de agua salada in apparent complete ignorance really! Burdened with ever more complex graphic representations of their ideas two years I that... Utili but one of languages that I read in is Afrikaans Nabta Playa has been yet. We never will underlie claims about universals in language acquisition historical linguists were burdened. Well, there is comparatively little morphology to reconstruct classification of Kujarg within Afroasiatic is agreed... Strike and made a huge profit it would thus be normal to ask, say, waiter..., historical linguists were increasingly burdened with ever more complex graphic representations of ideas... Models multiplied, historical linguists were increasingly burdened with ever more complex graphic representations of ideas! Porcupine is monosyllabic in Kusaal: snm /s: m/ methods cant deal with amount! Languages without any genetic mixing Leko, for example, has only about a. Be normal to ask, say, a lot of what had done! Evidence is offered for this sense is from a family of Polish origin than on the dataset more! Really knows is illustrated with only two lexical comparisons and otherwise left abstract what had done! Otherwise left abstract I wonder if any ancient DNA from Nabta Playa has been analysed yet illegal. Otherwise left abstract these all derived from the Norwegian side within Afroasiatic is not agreed upon these were populous relatively. Of your examples any genetic mixing Gurage languages, though. ) basic borderline words that he find... Not a rhetorical question but I suspect that the author isnt simply on a to...
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